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Einstellung effect
Einstellung is the development of a mechanized state of mind. Often called a problem solving set, Einstellung refers to a person's predisposition to solve a given problem in a specific manner even though "better" or more appropriate methods of solving the problem exist. The Einstellung effect is the negative effect of previous experience when solving new problems. The Einstellung effect has been tested experimentally in many different contexts. The most famous example (which led to Luchins and Luchins' coining of the term) is the Luchins' water jar experiment, in which subjects were asked to solve a series of water jar problems. After solving many problems which had the same solution, subjects applied the same solution to later problems even though a simpler solution existed (Luchins, 1942).〔Luchins, A. S. (1942). Mechanization in problem solving. Psychological Monographs, 54, No. 248.〕 Other experiments on the Einstellung effect can be found in ''The Effect of Einstellung on Compositional Processes''〔Stephen Blessing, Patrick Dronek. The Effect of Einstellung on Compositional Processes, Proceedings of the 28th Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, 2006. Pages 2444〕 and ''Rigidity of Behavior, A Variational Approach to the Effect of Einstellung''.〔Luchins, Abraham S. and Luchins, Edith Hirsch. Rigidity of Behavior: A Variational Approach to the Effect of Einstellung. University of Oregon Books: Eugene, Oregon, 1959〕 By Peters Christopher Olabode
==Background==
Einstellung literally means "setting" or "installation" as well as a person's "attitude" in German. Related to Einstellung is what is referred to as an Aufgabe (literally, "task" in German). The Aufgabe is the situation which could potentially invoke the Einstellung effect. It is a task which creates a tendency to execute a previously applicable behavior. In the Luchins and Luchins experiment a water jar problem served as the aufgabe, or task.
Another phenomenon similar to Einstellung is functional fixedness (Duncker 1945).〔Duncker, K. (1945). On problem solving. ''Psychological Monographs, 58:5'' (Whole No. 270)〕 Functional fixedness is an impaired ability to discover a new use for an object, owing to the subject's previous use of the object in a functionally dissimilar context. It can also be deemed a cognitive bias that limits a person to using an object only in the way it is traditionally used. Duncker also pointed out that the phenomenon occurs not only with physical objects, but also with mental objects or concepts (a point which lends itself nicely to the phenomenon of Einstellung effect).
The Einstellung effect occurs when a person is presented with a problem or situation that is similar to problems they have worked through in the past. If the solution (or appropriate behavior) to the problem/situation has been the same in each past experience, the person will likely provide that same response, without giving the problem too much thought, even though a more appropriate response might be available. Essentially, the Einstellung effect is one of the human brain's ways of finding an appropriate solution/behavior as efficiently as possible. Note, however, that although finding the solution is efficient, the solution found might not necessarily be the ''most'' appropriate solution.
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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